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As of May 1, 2022 State Laws and Policies

Emergency Contraception

Background

Emergency contraception (EC) can prevent pregnancy when taken shortly after unprotected sex. Four EC products have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Three of these products were approved for preventing pregnancy when taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex. One of these products, Plan B One-Step, was approved for over-the-counter sale by the FDA in 2013.

Since the late 1990s, state legislatures have taken different paths to expand access to emergency contraception. First, some states have mandated that hospitals provide emergency contraception–related services to people who have been sexually assaulted. Second, some states permit a person to obtain the medication without having to obtain a physician’s prescription. Third, one state has limited pharmacists’ ability to refuse to dispense emergency contraception on moral or ethical grounds. Finally, in some states, regulations discourage pharmacists from refusing to fill prescriptions for contraceptives, with one state having gone so far as to require pharmacies that stock contraceptives to dispense all contraceptive methods. At the same time, other states have attempted to restrict access by excluding emergency contraception from state Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions or  contraceptive coverage mandates, or by allowing pharmacists and potentially some pharmacies to refuse to provide contraceptive services (see Refusing to Provide Medical Services).

Visit our state legislation tracker for policy activity on all sexual and reproductive health topics.

Highlights

  • 20 states and the District of Columbia require hospital emergency rooms to provide emergency contraception–related services to sexual assault victims.
    • 19 states and the District of Columbia require emergency rooms to provide information about emergency contraception to sexual assault victims.
    • 15 states and the District of Columbia require emergency rooms to dispense the drug on request to sexual assault victims.
  • 8 states allow pharmacists to dispense emergency contraception without a physician’s prescription under certain conditions.
    • 5 states allow pharmacists to distribute it when acting under a collaborative-practice agreement with a physician.
    • 3 states, including 1 that also gives pharmacists the collaborative-practice option, allow pharmacists to distribute emergency contraception in accordance with a state-approved protocol.
  • 3 states direct pharmacies to fill all valid prescriptions.
  • 1 state directs pharmacists to fill all valid prescriptions.

Restricting Access

  • 9 states have adopted restrictions on emergency contraception.
    • 1 state excludes emergency contraception from the services to be covered in the state's family planning program.
    • 2 states exclude emergency contraception from their contraceptive coverage mandate.
    • 6 states explicitly allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptives, including emergency contraception.
    • 3 states allow pharmacies to refuse to dispense emergency contraception.

 

 

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For more information

  • Public Policy Office

    202-296-4012
    [email protected]

Topic

United States

  • Contraception: State Policies on Contraception

Geography

  • Northern America: United States
    • Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Related Content

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What Do We Know About Males and Emergency Contraception? A Synthesis of the Literature

Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
Research Article

Counseling About and Use of Emergency Contraception in the United States

Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
Policy Analysis

Beyond the Issue of Pharmacist Refusals: Pharmacies That Won't Sell Emergency Contraception

Guttmacher Policy Review
Policy Analysis

Rights vs. Responsibilities: Professional Standards and Provider Refusals

Guttmacher Policy Review
Policy Analysis

The Implications of Defining When a Woman Is Pregnant

Guttmacher Policy Review

Emergency Contraception Policies

STATE

EXPANDING ACCESS

RESTRICTING ACCESS

 

EMERGENCY ROOMS REQUIRED TO:

PHARMACIST MAY DISPENSE EC WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION UNDER:

MUST FILL VALID PRESCRIPTIONS

STATE LAW EXCLUDES EC FROM:

STATE LAW ALLOWS REFUSAL TO DISPENSE EC BY:

REQUIRES PRESCRIPTION

 

Provide Information About EC

Dispense EC upon Request

Collaborative Practice Agreement

State-Approved Protocol

Pharmacy

Pharmacist

State Family Planning Program

Contraceptive Coverage Mandate

Pharmacist

Pharmacy

16 and Younger

Arizona

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

X

 

Arkansas

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

X

†

 

California

X

X

X

X

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

Colorado

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

†

†

 

Connecticut

X‡​

X‡​

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

District of Columbia

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Florida

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

†

 

 

Georgia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

 

 

Hawaii

X

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Idaho

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

 

 

Illinois

X

 X

 

 

 

 

 

 

†

X

 

Maine

 

 

 

X

 

 

 

 

†

†

 

Massachusetts

X

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minnesota

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mississippi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

X

 

Nevada

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New Hampshire

 

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New Jersey

X

X

 

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

New Mexico

X

X

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New York

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

North Carolina

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

 

 

 

Ohio

Ω

Ω

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oklahoma

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

▼

Oregon

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pennsylvania

X

Ψ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

South Carolina

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

South Dakota

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

X

 

 

Tennessee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

† 

† 

 

Texas

X

 

 

 

 

 

X

 

 

 

 

Utah

X

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Virginia

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Washington

X

X

X

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wisconsin

X

X

 

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

TOTAL

19+DC

15+DC

5

3

3

1

1

2

6

3

 

▼ Permanently enjoined by court order; law not in effect.
†    A broadly worded refusal policy may apply to pharmacists or pharmacies, but does not specifically include them.
‡    A hospital may contract with an independent medical professional in order to provide the emergency contraception services.
Ω   Policy does not include an enforcement mechanism.  
Ψ  A hospital may refuse, based on religious or moral beliefs, to provide emergency contraception when requested by a person who has been sexually
      assaulted. However, a refusing hospital is then required to immediately transport the person to the closest medical facility that will provide
     the medication.

 

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